Speed of Light.

From General Relativity we know that only in local inertial frames does the measured speed of light equals the nominal speed of light (299792.458km/sec). But also from general relativity we know that as long as Earth is orbiting the sun then Earth is a non-inertial frame of reference. Earth can only be a local inertial frame if it exits the solar system or it enters a gravitational freefall towards the sun (straight in from afar).

When we compare the nominal speed of light with 12000 Lunar Orbits / Earth Day inside the gravitational field of the sun (non-inertial) we get 11% difference; when we compare them outside the gravitational field of the sun (inertial) we get zero% difference: The distance to the sun is not a constant, so as the distance to the sun increases the difference in energy causes the length of the lunar orbit to change. When the Earth-moon system exits the solar system (becomes inertial) 12000 Lunar Orbits / Earth Day becomes equal to the speed of light.

Moslems (Muslims) believe that angels are low density creatures, and that God created them originally from light. They move at any speed from zero up to the speed of light. It is the angels who carry out God's orders. Those angels take their orders from a Preserved Tablet somewhere in outer space, and not from God's Throne. They commute to and from this Preserved Tablet to get their orders from God. In the following verse, the Quran describes how angels travel when they commute to and from this Tablet. And the speed at which they commute to and from this Tablet turned out to be the known speed of light:

^{[Quran 32.5]} (Allah) Rules the cosmic affair from the heavens to the Earth. Then this affair travels to Him a distance in one day, at a measure of one thousand years of what you count.

It is the angels who carry out these orders (see Arabic wording at footnote [1]). Those people back then measured the distances neither in kilometers nor in miles but rather by how much time they needed to walk. For example, a village two days away meant a distance equivalent to walking for two days; ten days away meant a distance equivalent to walking for ten days... However in this verse the Quran specifies 1000 years of what they counted (not what they walked). Those people back then followed the lunar calendar and counted 12 lunar months each year. These months are related to the moon and not related to the sun. Hence in 1 day the angels will travel a distance of 1000 years of what they counted (the moon). Since this verse is referring to distance, then God is saying that angels travel in one day the same distance that the moon travels in 12000 lunar orbits. Outside gravitational fields this speed turned out to be the known speed of light.

Since we are considering 12000 Lunar Orbits/Earth Day in free space (outside the gravitational field of the sun) then we have to remove the effect of sun's gravity on the Earth-moon system:

Have you noticed that when you spin on your toes your clothes fling outwards? And that when your spin slows down your clothes settle back inwards? This is what also happens when the Earth-moon system gains or loses rotational kinetic energy, the distance to the moon changes (hence the length of the lunar orbit changes).

Do you know why the same half of the moon always faces Earth? The moon has been facing Earth like this for more than 4 billion years. Just like Earth rotates on its axis once every day with respect to stars, the moon also rotates on its axis with respect to stars. Since the moon keeps facing Earth this means that the moon needs to travel 360 degrees around Earth with respect to stars in order to rotate 360 degrees on its axis with respect to stars. When the moon first formed it was very close to Earth and it orbited Earth once every few hours, today this period is 27 days, and as the moon continues to recede this period will continue to increase; the greater the distance from Earth the greater this period becomes. When this period becomes 50 days, for example, this also means that it will take the moon 50 days to rotate 360 degrees on its axis with respect to stars. So as the moon recedes from Earth its spin with respect to stars slows down, that is, it loses rotational kinetic energy (this is different from moon's kinetic energy due to moon's motion around Earth). If the distance to the Earth increases to infinity, the moon would stop spinning with respect to stars and hence its rotational kinetic energy decreases to zero. This proves that the moon's rotational kinetic energy is a function of the distance from Earth. Similarly, the total energy of the Earth-moon system is a function of the distance from the sun. Since the distance to the sun is not a constant then a definition using Lunar Orbits/Earth Day inside the gravitational field of the sun is impossible. However when the Earth-moon system exits the solar system (becomes isolated) 12000 Lunar Orbits/Earth Day becomes equal to the speed of light.

Every point in this orbit has a certain magnitude and a certain direction. As the moon heads to the sun it speeds up, and as it heads away from the sun it slows down. This creates a sector of the orbit where the moon is speeding up:

Speed of Light 12000 Lunar Orbits/Earh Day

But as the Earth goes around the sun, the position of the sun relative to Earth with respect to stars is changing. This makes the sector where the moon is speeding up move forward inside the orbit such that it points to the sun again; similarly the sector where the moon is slowing down moves forward inside the orbit such that it points away from the sun again. Hence the entire orbit changes direction with respect to stars by the same angle it orbits the sun (twist). This means that the orbit is influenced by a net rotational force (like torque around Earth). As the distance to the sun increases to infinity, ø decreases to zero and lunar orbit loses this twist. When we vectorially remove the energy gained from this twist we can calculate the total energy and hence the length of the lunar orbit outside gravitational fields.

Distances:

Distance traveled by angels in one day = 12000 x Length of lunar orbit.

C t' = 12000 L'

Where:

C	Is the speed of angels, which we intend to calculate and then compare to the known speed of light (no external forces, no acceleration, no deceleration).
t'	Is the Earth Day outside gravitational fields i.e. time for one rotation of Earth about its axis with respect to the stars.
L'	Is the length of the lunar orbit outside gravitational fields (no external forces, no acceleration, no deceleration).

Time:

This table below shows the lunar month and the Earth day in both sidereal system (with respect to stars) and synodic (with respect to sun):

Period	Synodic (sun)	Sidereal (stars)
Earth day t	24 hours = 86400 sec	23 h 56 min 4.0906 sec = 86164.0906 sec
Lunar Month T	29.53059 synodic days	27.321661 synodic days = 655.71986 hours

But no matter what system you use when the Earth-moon system exits the solar system the synodic periods become equal to the sidereal periods. Why? Because the sun becomes just another star.

When the Earth-moon system is still inside the solar system the position of the sun relative to Earth with respect to stars changes; this means that the moon has to make more than 360 degrees with respect to stars in order to point to the sun again. However when the Earth-moon system exits the solar system the position of the sun relative to Earth with respect to stars remains the same, that is, the moon now only has to make 360 degrees with respect to stars in order to point to the sun again (the synodic periods become equal to the sidereal periods). This means that the lunar month with respect to the sun becomes equal to lunar month with respect to stars and Earth day with respect to the sun becomes equal to Earth day with respect to stars. So the 1000 lunar years with respect to sun become equal to 12000 lunar months with respect to stars.

Every new moon (29.5 days) the moon will not return to the same point in the orbit (it will be at a different point). The moon returns to the same point in the orbit after only 27.3 days. When astronomers study the energy of orbits they use the sidereal system, that is, the moon has to return to the same position with respect to stars and not return to the same position with respect to the sun. When the moon returns to the same point with respect to stars the Earth-moon system would have moved 26.9 degrees around the sun (not 29.1 degrees).

In general relativity, the local inertial frames (where the measured speed of light is 299792.458 km/sec) are actually frames non-rotating with respect to stars (not non-rotating with respect to sun). If these frames are rotating with respect to stars then the measured speed of light would not be 299792.458 km/sec. Hence inside the gravitational field of the sun 12000 Lunar Orbits/Earth Day make 11% difference with 299792.458 km/sec when compared in a local frame non-rotating with respect to stars (sidereal system). A local frame non-rotating with respect to sun (synodic system) would be rotating with respect to stars and hence in this frame the measured speed of light is not 299792.458 km/sec in the first place. Some skeptics use the synodic system (rotating frame with respect to stars) and then compare it to the speed of light in a local inertial frame (non-rotating with respect to stars) however this comparison is invalid. Why? Because this is the same location but two different frames.

See the problem with the synodic system at footnote [2]

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Length of Lunar Orbit:

Length of lunar orbit = Velocity x Time (L = V T)

The velocity of the moon is not a constant. NASA measured the instantaneous velocity of the moon at various points throughout its orbit. These measurements show that the velocity of the moon varies considerably (from 3470 km/hr up to 3873 km/hr); which means that the moon accelerates and decelerates continuously. The average lunar velocity is V_avg = 3682.8 km/hr (1.023 km/sec).

The lunar orbit relative to Earth is a low eccentricity ellipse. Most astronomers calculate the length of the lunar orbit manually by the following equivalent circle method:

L = V T = 2 π R

V = 2 π R / T

However this velocity is under the influence of the gravitational pull of the sun. We can vectorially calculate the velocity of the moon relative to Earth without the gravitational pull of the sun and hence the isolated length of the lunar orbit: Displacement is a vector (has magnitude and direction) and from this vector we get the velocity vector (magnitude and direction); from this velocity vector we get the kinetic energy. If external work is done we end up with a resultant displacement vector, resultant velocity vector and resultant kinetic energy. In our case we have to backtrack.

The work done by the gravitational field of the sun by creating a net rotational force on the lunar orbit (twist) is:

Speed of Light

Without the sun (isolated Earth-moon system) the moon's isolated vector remains in the original direction with respect to stars (no twist); but with the sun (compounded system), the moon's compounded vector changes direction by angle ø with respect to stars each cycle around Earth (twist). This means that the moon's orbital energy is the sum of the energy acquired from this twist plus the intrinsic energy of Earth-moon system (kinetic energy of Earth's spin transferred to the lunar orbit by ocean friction).

Ocean Friction:

Do you remember the oceanic high tides and low tides? Well they are caused by lunar gravity. This figure teaches you how ocean friction transfers the kinetic energy of Earth's spin to the lunar orbit:

As the moon acquires more energy from Earth's spin it does not actually speed up, instead it slows down because it orbits at a higher altitude (R' increases). (If Earth were spinning in the opposite direction the reverse process would have happened; the moon would have lost altitude and eventually crashed into Earth.)

Today's lunar orbit is a very low eccentricity ellipse (very close to a perfect circle) but when the moon first formed it was a very high eccentricity ellipse. The eccentric ellipse back then had a point very close to Earth and another point very far out. When the moon was nearest to Earth inside the ellipse the gravitational forces were stronger and hence more energy was transferred to the moon when it was closer to Earth than when the moon was farther out inside the ellipse. This made the moon recede more when it was closer to Earth than when it was farther out inside the ellipse. This difference in recession rates smoothed out the differences between the closest and the farthest points in the orbit (this is why today's lunar orbit is very close to a perfect circle). So for each direction the recession has different magnitude. Since this recession has magnitude and direction then it is a displacement vector. However in every direction this displacement vector is normal to the rotational force around Earth (always at right angles with the rotational force around Earth, 90 degrees). Thus the sum of these two vectors is determined by the Pythagorean Theorem:

Hence cosø is the only solution to this three-body problem.

Isolated Earth-Moon System:

The lunar orbital radius (R) is a function of total energy, however the total orbital energy comes form two sources: ocean friction and gravitational twist (two sources, not one). Since the distance to the sun is not a constant then as the distance to the sun increases to infinity the lunar orbit loses this twist; but without the energy gained from this twist the orbital radius decreases to R' = Rcosø (see proof at footnote [3]). Hence the moon's isolated orbital length becomes L' = 2πR' = 2πRcosø = Lcosø (i.e. 12000 L' / t' = 12000 Lcosø / t').

Today when the moon makes 360 degrees around Earth with respect to stars the Earth-moon system moves 26.92952225 degrees around the sun. Hence the lunar orbit's twist angle ø = 26.92952225 degrees. We can calculate ø from the period of one heliocentric revolution of the Earth-moon system (365.2421987 days):

ø = (360 degrees / 365.2421987 synodic days) x 27.32166088 synodic days = 26.92952225 degrees

Similarly, Earth's spin slows down by 6 seconds i.e. the isolated Earth day t' becomes 86170.43114 sec (see proof at footnote [4]).

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Compare:

So finally we can check the accuracy of this equation in the Quran:

C t' 12000 L'

The distance traveled by light in one Earth Day = C t' = 299792.458 km/sec x 86170.43114 sec = 25833245358 km

The distance traveled by angels = 12000 L' = 12000 x 3682.8 km/hr x 655.71986 hr x cos(26.92952225) = 25836303825 km

By dividing the two distances we get the ratio of 1.00011839267.

Difference = 0.01%

Outside gravitational fields: 12000 Lunar Orbits/Earth Day = SPEED OF LIGHT

Moslems ask how could an illiterate man who lived 1400 years ago have figured out the three-body problem, speed of light and general relativity?

Constant:

Since the distance to the sun is not a constant [5] then if it is defined inside the gravitational field of the sun then this definition will be wrong with time; however since it is defined in free space (outside the gravitational field of the sun) then this definition will be true forever:

Ocean friction is causing the rotation of Earth to slow down, that is, for the days to get longer (t' increases). And as Earth's rotation slows down the moon recedes (R' increases).

c = 12000 L' / t' = 12000 2 π R' / t'

Both R' and t' are increasing but due to a fundamental law in astrophysics the ratio R' / t' remains the same: The tidal force decelerating Earth is the same force pushing the moon. Since the force pushing the moon is gravitational, then it is inversely proportional to the square of the distance to the moon. Similarly, this same force decelerating Earth is proportional to the change in kinetic energy in Earth's spin, that is, it is inversely proportional to the square of Earth day. This makes the square of the distance to the moon to be directly proportional to the square of Earth day. This implies that the distance to the moon remains proportional to Earth day. Hence R' / t' is a constant equal to 3.976120966 (R' / t' = R cosø / t'). This makes the equation in the Quran c = 12000 L' / t' to be composed only of constants, with no variables. Hence, 12000 Lunar Orbits/ Earth Day is a constant forever.

4.52 billion years ago the moon formed when a planet the size of Mars collided with Earth. On impact, Earth gained angular momentum (rotational speed). This angular momentum has been slowly transferring to the lunar orbit. On impact of that planet with Earth, the molten debris flung with a certain escape velocity and sucked vaporized water and some gases from Earth's atmosphere. This debris clustered to form the moon. But the moon couldn't maintain those gases because its gravity was extremely weak and it didn't have a strong magnetic shield; so it lost those gases and settled in orbit without this mass. The equation in the Quran c = 12000 Lunar Orbits/ Earth Day has been true in the isolated system ever since the moon first lost this mass, that is, since the early creation of the Earth-moon; is true today and as the moon continues to recede this equation in the Quran will always be true.

To learn why there are two tidal bulges, one facing the moon and another one opposite to it, see footnote [6].

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Variable Speed of Light:

Lunar Orbits/Earth Day is common to all observers; Km/sec is not.

12000 Lunar Orbits/ Earth Day = 299,792.458 km/s is the speed of light for observers standing outside gravitational fields and looking at light also traveling outside gravitational fields. But an observer near a black hole for example sees the speed of light outside gravitational fields a zillion km/s. This is because the velocity of light appears to vary with the intensity of the gravitational field (See proof at footnote [7]).

From General Relativity we know that an observer standing outside gravitational fields looks at events inside gravitational fields and sees them in slow motion. When he steps inside those gravitational fields he sees them in normal speeds. But now he looks back at where he was outside gravitational fields and sees the events there in fast motion. In our case the event is the moon orbiting Earth. When an observer in stronger gravitational fields, near a black hole for example, looks at the Earth-moon system he does not see the moon orbiting Earth once every month; instead he sees the moon orbiting Earth once every few seconds; he also sees the length of the lunar orbit to be much longer than we see it. This is because the gravitational field that he is in causes his clock to run slower and his ruler to shrink.

Not only observers in different gravitational fields will not agree on the time period for the lunar orbit but also they will not agree on the length of the lunar orbit either. By using classical orbital mechanics we discovered that all observers will see the speed of light outside gravitational fields equal to 12000 Lunar Orbits/Earth Day; but from General Relativity we know that they will never agree on a value in km/sec. An observer near a black hole for example sees the speed of light outside gravitational fields a zillion km/s, but still equal to 12000 Lunar Orbits/Earth Day! This means that if the speed of angels outside gravitational fields were defined in km/sec then it would have appeared to vary for observers in different gravitational fields; however since this speed was defined in Lunar Orbits/Earth Day then it will never appear to vary to anyone because 12000 Lunar Orbits/Earth Day is common to all observers. Hence the Quran gave us a better definition for time and distance: A definition common to all observers, forever!!!
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^{[Quran
10.5]} It is He (Allah) who made the sun to shine and the moon to light, and destined it in stages; that you may learn to count the years and the mathematics. Allah only created this in truth. He details His Signs for those who are knowledgeable (scientists).

See how angels can reach anywhere in the universe before you finish reading this sentence: Wormholes

(see the problem of Christians with the speed of light at footnote [8])

[1] It is the angels who execute Gods orders:

^{[Quran
79.5]} Execute orders (Mudaberat Amran in Arabic)

"Mudaberat" in Arabic means execute and "Amr" means order. These exact two words are also used in describing the rate at which God's orders are executed:

^{[Quran 32.5]} (Allah) Rules the cosmic affair (Yudaber Al-Amr in Arabic) from the heavens to the Earth. Then this affair travels to Him a distance in one day, at a measure of one thousand years of what you count.

Both these verses use the same words and both refer to angels. "Araj" means a man with a lame leg; "Yaruj" means a man stepping. This verse says that angels are taking steps: indicating motion of angels. Their motion in one day is equal to 1000 years of what people back then counted (the moon).

About the Preserved Tablet:

^{[Quran
85.21-22]} But it is a Glorious Quran. ²² Inscribed on a Preserved Tablet.

Moslems believe that Archangel Gabriel got the Quran to their prophet from this Preserved Tablet:

^{[Quran
15.8-11]} We only send down the angels in Truth; if they were not (in truth), no respite would they have ⁹ We have sent down the Message; and We will preserve it ¹⁰ We did send Messengers before you among the religious sects of the old ¹¹ But never came a Messenger to them but they mocked him.

The Quran and all the instructions to all angels were inscribed on this Preserved Tablet before the creation of Earth started. They commute to and from this Tablet to get their orders from God. The angels were originally made of light (they are not light anymore just like we are not mud anymore), and the speed at which they commute to and from this Tablet turned out to be the known speed of light (the Preserved Tablet is itself outside gravitational fields).

[2] What would happen if Earth suddenly stopped in its track while orbiting the sun? Earth would plummet into the sun, right? If it were not for distant stars then how would you know that Earth is orbiting the sun? Maybe it is the sun that is orbiting Earth. Or better yet, maybe the Earth and sun are both fixed in their positions. So how do you know? It is the background of distant stars that tells you which is orbiting which.

Our physics today simply does not work with the synodic system. For example, this equation gives you the distance to the moon by simply knowing the sidereal lunar month (27.3 days):

Speed of Light

If you use the time for synodic lunar month (29.5 days) it gives you the wrong distance to the moon (consequently wrong energy, wrong momentum...). But what you should keep in mind is that the equations in the sidereal system have no counterpart in the synodic system.

Although the moon keeps facing Earth it is actually spinning with respect to distant stars. Since the moon is spinning then it should bulge at the equator, right? However an observer on Earth sees the bulge but does not see the spin of the moon. When we calculate the bulge from spin with respect to Earth we get the wrong value (does not match observation). When we calculate the bulge from spin with respect to the sun we also get the wrong value. However when we calculate the bulge from spin with respect to distant stars we get the correct value. This should tell you that the bulge is a consequence of the spin with respect to distant stars (neither with respect to Earth nor with respect to the sun). This is why classical orbital mechanics (and general relativity) are based on the sidereal system, that is, rotation (and precession) are with respect to stars (this is different than motion relative to stars).

Some skeptics argue that due to Earth's motion around the sun, the length of the lunar orbit is longer for an observer on the sun, however this is false. Why? Because the distance between the Earth and the moon (R) is the same whether measured from Earth, from the sun or from the center of our galaxy... And since the length of the lunar orbit is simply 2πR then the length of the lunar orbit is the same for an observer on the sun, on the moon, Andromeda... Actually you should deduce from the above equation that R is measured the same for any observer in the Newtonian limit (non-relativistic).

[3] Sun's gravitational field along with Earth's motion around the sun produce a net rotational force on the lunar orbit (like torque around Earth). Without this gravitational twist the moon's isolated orbital length would only be L' = Lcosø:

For the Earth-moon system to be outside gravitational fields then the distance to the sun has to increase to infinity. And as the distance to the sun increases to infinity the lunar orbit loses this twist; but this also means that the moon would no longer have enough kinetic energy to stay long at the compounded radius R and isolated velocity V' = Vcosø (too high too slow), instead it starts a spiral descent to the isolated radius R' = Rcosø and accelerates to final velocity Speed of Light .

The ratio of the orbital binding energy (the ratio of the work required to move the moon against gravity to infinity) is:

Speed of Light - Orbital Binding Energy

This means that without the energy gained from this twist the orbital radius decreases to R' = Rcosø. Hence the length of the lunar orbit becomes L' = 2πR' = 2πRcosø = Lcosø (i.e. 12000 L' / t' = 12000 Lcosø / t') and the orbital period decreases.

Simply put: Outside the gravitational field of the sun all observers will see the speed of light equal to 12000 Lunar Orbits/ Earth Day.

An observer on Earth sees this force as rotational around Earth, however an observer on the sun sees this same force as radial towards the sun (not towards Earth). But no matter from where observers are looking they will all see this same force doing the same work.

In the isolated Earth-moon system (no sun) all external forces are screened out. This reveals the intrinsic characteristics, relations and capabilities of the system, that is, what the Earth-moon system can do on its own without any external forces. The energy for this isolated velocity V' came from a reaction force from Earth (see ocean friction above) and not from sun's gravitational force. As the moon acquires more energy from Earth's spin it does not actually speed up, instead it slows down because it orbits at a higher altitude (R' increases); the orbital period increases and the length of the lunar orbit increases. As R' reaches R, the isolated lunar orbit would have acquired the same radius and velocity as the one achieved with the assistance of the sun (R' = R & V' = V) but with a slower rotating Earth.

The nearest and farthest points in the orbit give us the average distance to the moon; but since Earth lies on the major axis of the ellipse then the average distance to the moon is just the semi-major axis. Geometrically, the radius of the equivalent circle should be the average of semi-major and semi-minor axes; but since the direction of the axes change with respect to stars then when the moon returns to the same position with respect to stars this does not mean that it made an exact ellipse. When astronomers study the energy of our moon and also the energy of moons orbiting other planets they use the equivalent circle method with the sidereal system, that is, the moon has to return to the same position with respect to stars and not return to the same position relative to the ellipse.

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[4] Earth is spinning with respect to stars much faster than the moon is orbiting Earth. This makes the angle between Earth's isolated and compounded vectors to be different than that of the moon. Today when the Earth rotates 360 degrees on its axis with respect to stars the Earth moves 0.9829560917 degrees around the sun. Hence Earth's twist angle α = 0.9829560917 degrees.

α = (360 degrees / 365.2421987 synodic days) x (86164.0906 sec/86400 sec) synodic days = 0.9829560917 degrees

Just like when the moon recedes from Earth its spin slows down also when the Earth recedes from the sun its spin slows down, that is, its rotational kinetic energy decrease (learn why at footnote [6]). So as the distance to the sun increases to infinity Earth day increases to .

The ratio of the work required to stop Earth's rotation is:

This means that without the energy gained from this twist Earth day increases to = 86170.43114 seconds (6 seconds increase from 86164.0906 sec).

[5] Have you heard about the solar wind? This is actually mass ejected from the surface of the sun. But when this mass gets ejected the mass of the sun decreases. Lower solar mass leads to weaker gravitational force between the sun and Earth. Earth that was at the right velocity around the sun now becomes a little bit too fast for this weaker gravitational force (excess kinetic energy). To compensate for this imbalance, Earth recedes a bit from the sun (trades excess kinetic energy with potential energy above the sun). After receding a bit from the sun, Earth slows down a bit and returns to equilibrium. But again more and more mass is ejected from the sun, weaker gravitational forces... and the cycle repeats itself.

Actually any star that loses half its mass loses all the planets around it (its planets fly off). You can find the answer in:

'High Energy Astrophysics', S. Rosswog & M. Bruggen, Cambridge University Press (2007).

Page 218: "We find that the mass loss has to be smaller than for the system to remain bound."

This means that any star that loses half its mass will become gravitationally unbound to the planets around it. All the planets around it will simply fly off. In conclusion, the distance to the sun (a star) is not a constant.

[6] Consider a spherical mass of weakly-interacting particles (say a gas) and a spherical gravitational source (say the moon). The gravitational force is stronger on the particles of gas closer to the moon than on the particles of gas farther out. The difference in forces makes the sphere of gas to be stretched into an ellipsoid. (General relativity explains why the actual tidal effect generated by a spherical gravitational source is stretching in the direction of the freefall and additional squeezing in the transverse directions). In our case the moon stretches the oceans into an ellipsoid while Earth is too rigid to change shape; so we end up with two tidal bulges one facing the moon and another one opposite to it. This is why we have two high tides a day instead of one.

You might ask why does the much stronger gravitational force of the sun actually produce much smaller tidal bulges than the moon? Well it is not the magnitude of the forces that causes the stretching but rather the difference in forces. Although the sun's gravitational forces are stronger in magnitude, the much bigger distance to the sun causes this difference in forces to be much smaller; hence the weaker stretching and smaller bulges. If the radius of the oceans (or the sphere of gas) was as big as the radius of the lunar orbit then the sun's average gravitational force on the particles closer to and farther out from the sun would be the same as it is today but the increased difference in forces would stretch this sphere into an ellipsoid with bulges thousands of kilometers high. This ellipsoid will always be oriented towards the sun; but as the Earth goes around the sun the position of the sun relative to Earth with respect to stars changes. This means that with respect to stars this ellipsoid will always be rotating in order to point to the sun again; this rotation with respect to stars is rotational kinetic energy. As the distance to the sun increases to infinity the position of the sun relative to Earth with respect to stars remains the same, hence as the distance to the sun increases this sphere of particles will lose this twist. This means that sun's gravitational field along with Earth's motion around the sun produce a net rotational force on this sphere of particles (gravitational twist).

In conclusion, the sun exerts gravitational twist on the Earth-moon system in the same way that Earth exerts gravitational twist on the moon.

[7] Recalling the very famous second postulate of Special Relativity declared by Einstein (1905):

"The velocity c of light in vacuum is the same in all inertial frames of reference in all directions and depend neither on the velocity of the source nor on the velocity of the observer"

Einstein's theory of special relativity says that the speed of light in vacuum is always measured the same (at 299,792.458 km/s) however this is only true locally for systems that are inertial, which means not accelerating. From Newton's second law: if forces exist implies acceleration exists; this means that if you are in a spaceship and fire your rockets then you are not inertial.

The other factor besides acceleration is gravity. Albert Einstein himself emphasized in his paper in 1917:

"The results of the special relativity hold only so long as we are able to disregard the influence of gravitational fields on the phenomena"

In 1915 (10 years after special relativity) Einstein developed another theory called General Relativity that deals with gravitational fields and according to this latest theory the velocity of light appears to vary with the intensity of the gravitational field. For example, an observer outside gravitational fields measures the speed of light locally (in his location) at 299792.458 km/s but when he looks towards a black hole he sees the speed of light there to be as slow as a few meters/sec. At the same time an observer freefalling into that black hole (zero-g) measures the speed of light locally (in his location) at 299792.458 km/s; when he looks towards the black hole he sees the speed of light there much slower; when he looks away from the black hole he sees the speed of light there much faster. If he tries to resist his freefall into that black hole (by firing his rockets for example) he will not measure the speed of light locally anymore at 299792.458 km/s; instead the stronger the g-force that he feels the faster light appears to him. Again when he looks towards the black hole he sees the speed of light there much slower; when he looks away from the black hole he sees the speed of light there much faster. In any case, freefalling or not, he will never see the speed of light outside gravitational fields at 299792.458 km/s. Finally, there is no difference between the effects of g-forces experienced from these rockets and the effects of g-forces experienced when standing on planets, stars... hence an observer standing on a black hole measures the speed of light locally (in his location) much faster than 299792.458 km/s; when he looks towards outside gravitational fields he sees the speed of light there a zillion km/s.

To see the steps how Einstein theorized that the measured speed of light in a gravitational field is actually not a constant, but rather a variable depending upon the reference frame of the observer:

'On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light', Annalen der Physik, 35, 1911.

Einstein wrote this paper in 1911 in German (download from: http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1911_35_898-908.pdf). It predated the full formal development of general relativity by about four years. You can find an English translation of this paper in the Dover book 'The Principle of Relativity' beginning on page 99; you will find in section 3 of that paper Einstein's derivation of the variable speed of light in a gravitational potential, eqn (3). The result is:

Whereis the gravitational potential relative to the point where the speed of light co is measured. Simply put: Light appears to travel slower in stronger gravitational fields (near bigger mass).

You can find a more sophisticated derivation later by Einstein (1955) from the full theory of general relativity in the weak field approximation:

'The Meaning of Relativity', A. Einstein, Princeton University Press (1955).

See pages 92-93, eqn (107); the variable velocity of light expressed in coordinates is:

Simply put: Light appears to travel slower near bigger mass (in stronger gravitational fields). A non-mathematical discussion of this can be found in:

'The Riddle of Gravitation', Peter G. Bergmann, Charles Scribner's Sons, NY (1987).

See pages 65-66. Bergmann takes the deflection of light by the gravitational field of a star as evidence of the decreased speed of light in a gravitational field.

You can also find modern direct derivations that lead to the same results by Einstein:

'Relativity, Gravitation, and Cosmology', T. Cheng, Oxford University Press (2005).

For the 1911 results see pages 48-49, eqn (3.39):

For the 1955 results but not in coordinates see page 93, eqn (6.28):

Namely the 1955 approximation shows a variation in km/sec twice as much as first predicted in 1911.

Contrary to Special Relativity, the measured speed of light in a gravitational field is not a constant, but rather a variable depending upon the reference frame of the observer; what one observer sees as true another observer sees as false. The only observers that can actually agree that the speed of light outside gravitational fields is 299792.458 km/s are those who are themselves outside gravitational fields (Discuss in Forum: Effect of length contraction and time dilation on measured speed of light ).

Since only in local inertial frames does the measured speed of light equals the nominal speed of light (299792.458 km/s) then it becomes important to learn about the types of non-inertial frames:

If you are in a spaceship and fire your rockets then you are not inertial.
If you are orbiting the sun then a gravitational force is accelerating you towards the sun; hence you are not inertial either (even if your tangential speed around the sun remains constant).

You can find the answer in:

"General Relativity", Lewis Ryder, Cambridge University Press (2009).

Page 7: "There are, however, two different types of such [non-inertial] motion; it may for instance be acceleration in a straight line, or circular motion with constant speed. In the first case the magnitude of the velocity vector changes but its direction remains constant, while in the second case the magnitude is constant but the direction changes. In each of these cases the motion is non-inertial, but there is a conceptual distinction to be made."

Hence in General Relativity, as long as Earth is orbiting the sun then Earth is a non-inertial frame of reference. Earth can only be a local inertial frame if it exits the solar system, or it enters a gravitational freefall towards the sun (straight in from afar).

Similarly in classical orbital mechanics, as long as Earth is orbiting the sun then Earth is influenced by a gravitational twist (non-inertial).

[8] The Christian Bible says that the universe was created less than ten thousand years ago. Science says that the universe was created 13.7 billion years ago. We can actually observe galaxies 13 billion light years away; that is, light already traveled 13 billion years before it reached us. This alone proves their Bible wrong. To fix this problem, they need the speed of light to decay (to slow down over time); that is, light was faster and covered that distance in much shorter time. But the theory of relativity says that the speed of light is constant over time (no decay)... Since the theory of relativity contradicts their Bible, they need the theory of relativity to be wrong for their Bible to be correct.

Some Christians claim that Quran 32.5 (angels travel in one day the same distance that the moon travels in a 1000 lunar years) is a restatement of this Bible verse:

^(2Peter
3:8) But do not forget this one thing, dear friends: With the Lord a day is like a thousand years, AND A THOUSAND YEARS ARE LIKE A DAY. ⁹The Lord is not slow in keeping his promise, as some understand slowness. He is patient with you, not wanting anyone to perish, but everyone to come to repentance.

Obviously this verse is talking about God's patience, but some Christians say that it predated the scientific miracles of the Quran.

The first problem with this Christian claim is that the Quran is referring to the angels moving and not to God moving. Here in this Bible verse God has to be moving. And assuming that God is moving, not only this verse does not talk about any distance traveled but also Christians and the Jews before them used solar years. The solar year is the revolution of Earth around the sun with respect to distant stars (not related to the lunar orbit).

During a solar year there are 12.37 lunar months. The Jews used to add a 13th lunar month every few years to make up for the difference between the lunar and the solar calendar. So 1000 years in the Bible translates to 12370 Lunar Orbits/Earth Day. However the Islamic calendar is not related to the sun. By definition, the Islamic year is 12 lunar months, so it is exactly 12000 Lunar Orbits/Earth Day.

Add to this that a definition using the Christian calendar (1000 solar years) is impossible because of three reasons:

The solar year is the revolution of Earth around the sun with respect to distant stars (not related to the lunar orbit).
The distance from Earth to the sun is not a constant. Hence inside the gravitational field of the sun the ratio Lunar Orbits/Earth Day is not a constant.
When the distance to the sun increases to infinity you no longer have a solar year (no revolution around the sun). However the Islamic lunar year is 12 lunar months irrespective of the distance to the sun. So if this distance increases to infinity you will always have 1000 Lunar Years (but zero solar years).

Since a definition needs to be constant over time then the only possible way to make a definition using Lunar Orbits/Earth Day is by using the Lunar Year in free space (outside the gravitational field of the sun). So physics wise, it only works with the Islamic year.

Second problem, this verse describes time vs. time (and not time vs. distance). So if this time difference (time dilation) is due to the mass of God's Throne then the Bible got it wrong as well: 1 day at God's Throne should measure 2.28 billion years on Earth; instead the Bible says "With the Lord a day is like a thousand years". Here the Bible missed by a whole 2,280,000,000 years! The other part says "AND A THOUSAND YEARS ARE LIKE A DAY", that is, 1000 years by God measures 1 day on Earth. Here the Bible got it in reverse! So how small is God's Throne? Even if God's Throne is microscopic, Earth is not massive enough to generate this time dilation.

Third problem, if this verse was referring to time dilation due to God's movement then it got it all wrong as well. For an object to move it needs to accelerate. But acceleration causes clocks to run slower, the stronger the acceleration the slower the clock; hence the faster moving object experiences slower time and not the other way round. In this verse in the Bible it is man who experiences the slower time hence travels faster than God! Man experiences less time of 1 day (travels fast) and God experiences more time of 1000 years (travels slow). This verse practically says that once God travels faster than man but immediately follows it with a fatal mistake that man travels faster than God. So no, the Bible got it wrong in every possible way.

But the Bible did indeed describe sunlight: Common sense says that sunlight illuminates Earth and that without sunlight darkness will cover the Earth. Is there anything simpler? But the Bible says something else: In Genesis 1:1-31, the Bible explains how the sun is related to day and night. The Bible says that on the first day God created the light and darkness on Earth. The first evening came and the first morning followed. But God did not create the sun until the fourth day, specifically after three evenings and three mornings. So three evenings and the three mornings occurred on Earth before there was a sun. So according to the Bible daylight occurs without the sun!

Our sun is a very small star. Actually our solar system (including the atoms that you are made of) came from a dying star 100 times more massive than our sun. So you can imagine how large stars are. However according to the Bible these stars are so small that they could fall on Earth: In Mark 13:24-30 Jesus said that stars will fall on Earth before his second coming. Actually he said that stars will fall on Earth before even that generation pass away. However that generation passed away a long time ago and no star ever fell on Earth or ever will. Why? Because Earth will vaporize before it even contacts a star; so the events prophesied in the Bible are supposed to occur on Earth when Earth is already vaporized!

While today's scientists have confirmed that animals inherit their colors and stripes from their parents (through DNA), the Bible says something else: In Genesis 30:37-42, the Bible explains how baby goats get their streaked colors: If their parents were mating AND LOOKING at upright rods then the baby goats will have stripes; while if their parents were mating BUT NOT LOOKING at upright rods then the baby goats will not have stripes!

^{[Quran
2.23-24]} And if you were in doubt about what We have revealed to Our servant, then bring forth a book like the Quran; and call your witnesses (scientists) to prove it contrary to Allah, if you were truthful. ²⁴ But you cannot and will never (be able). So beware of a fire whose fuel is men and stones prepared for blasphemers.
^{[Quran
42.14]} They only disbanded after they received knowledge (of their Bible) fallaciously among them. And if it were not a word from your Lord [Allah] that postponed it to a later date, it would have been all settled among them then. And those who inherited the Book (the Bible) from them are in great suspicion of it. ¹⁵ Therefore call them (to the Quran) and straighten your ways as you are ordered and don't follow their passions and say: "I believe in what Allah revealed of the Book (The Quran) and I was ordered to be just among you (both Christians and Jews); Allah is our Lord and your Lord, we have our actions and you have your actions, no argument between us and you, Allah brings us together and to Him we are (all) destined."

To Moslems:

^{[Quran
6.108]} Do not curse those who call (to worship) other than Allah, so that they don't curse Allah out of spite and ignorance. This is how We [Allah] appealed to each people its own actions; then they will be brought back to their Lord [Allah] who will inform them of what they have been doing.

Please link to: www.speed-light.info and if possible like this: Speed of Light

SPEED OF LIGHT

12000 Lunar Orbits/Earth Day

Outside gravitational fields: 12000 Lunar Orbits/Earth Day = SPEED OF LIGHT Moslems ask how could an illiterate man who lived 1400 years ago have figured out the three-body problem, speed of light and general relativity?

Outside gravitational fields: 12000 Lunar Orbits/Earth Day = SPEED OF LIGHT

Moslems ask how could an illiterate man who lived 1400 years ago have figured out the three-body problem, speed of light and general relativity?